Happines Expression

Happines Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.
Happiness Expression:
 - That’s wonderful!
 - I find it very exciting.
 - Great!
 - Terrific!
 - Hooray!
 - Yippie!
 - What a great idea!
 - It sounds like fun.
 - It’s good news.
 - I’m pleased / delighted about it.
 - It is the best thing I’ve heard for a long time.

Greeting

Greeting is an expression of regard what we say if we meet someone. Greeting can we use to open a conversation.

Greeting :
• Hello / Hi
• Good morning
• Good afternoon
• Good evening
• How are you? / How do you do?


Response :
• Hello / Hi
• Good morning
• Good afternoon
• Good evening
• Fine, thanks.
• I’m fine.
• How do you do?

Example :
  Ina    : Hello.
  Dhea: Hello.
  Ina    : May I sit here?
  Dhea: Sure. We can talk during the break.
  Ina    : Thank you. By the way, I’m Ina. What’s your name?
  Dhea: I’m Dhea. Nice to meet you.
  Ina    : Nice to meet you too. :)

Giving instruction

Giving instruction is an expression for give or ask somebody to do something that we want.

Giving instruction are :

 1. Command

* Verb (+ O).

   Example : Watch out, come here, etc.

* Please + V (+ O).

   Example : Please clean your table.

* V (+ O) + Please.

   Example : Wash this clothes, please.

2. Prohibition 

* Don’t + V (+ O).

   Example : Don’t close it!

* Don’t + V (+ O) + Please.

   Example : Don’t be noise, please.

* Would you mind not + V-ing (+ O).

   Example : Would you mind not reading my comic.

Kinds of giving instruction :

Verb 1

    Example :

    - Wash your hand.

    - Eat your meal.

    - Sit down.

Be + adjective.

    Example :

    - Be your self.

    - Be a good student.

    - Be strong.

    - Be happy.

Don’t + V-infinitive.

     Example :

     - Don’t armb!

     - Don’t eat!

     - Don’t approach!

     - Don’t disturb!

     - Don’t touch!

No + V-ing.

     Example :

     - No smooking!

     - No swimming!

     - No parking!

 

Gaining attention

Gaining attention is attitude to show to ask attention from the other people. The purpose is to find attention, the other people so the other pay attention.

When we try someone or group of the people to pay attention to what we want to do, we may use expression:
- Excuse me
- Look at me
- Look at my eyes
- Listen me, please

Example:
Sosa   : Hello Melisa, look at me !
Melisa : Yeah, I’m looking you.
Sosa   : What is there different something in my eyes?
Melisa : Oh.. no there  

Appointment

Appointment is tells about agreement for meeting. It is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.
MAKING APPOINTMENT
* Wiil you do go out with me tonight?
* What if we go swimming this afternoon?
* Can I come and see you?

 ACCEPTING APPOINTMENT
* No problem.
* It’s a deal.
* I’ll be there.
* O.K.

DECLINING APPOINTMENT
* Sorry, I can’t.
* I’m sorry, I have another appointment.

Example for appointment :
Arif   : Hi,can I talk to Danu ?
Danu : Yes ,it’s me .Who is talking ?
Arif   : I ‘m Arif .Sorry to disturb you
Danu : No problem.What’s up ?
Arif   : Well,you like to accompany me to Gary’s House this  afternoon?
Danu : Yeah.I can
Arif   : O.K. I will pick up you at.5.p.m
Danu : Ok .I wait you.   

Announcement

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.
 Writing an announcement, keep the following point :
a. The title / type of event.
b. Date/time, place
c. Contact person 
“An Announcement (ANN) is a usenet, mailing list or E-mail message sent to notify subscribers that a software project has made a new release version. Newsgroup announcement recipients often have a name like ‘comp.somegroup.announce.’. Mailing list announcement recipients often have a name like ‘toolname-announce’. Most software projects that make announcements are open source.”

PASSIVE VOICE

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive Level: lower intermediate

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passive Level: upper intermediate

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects Level: intermediate

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

INRODUCTORY IT

INRODUCTORY IT
A : To understand this lesson is easy
B : It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the cubject position in the sentence. thus, it is called introductory “it”.

1.      Introductory “it” as a subject:
A : To watch musical programs is pleasent.
B : It is pleasent to Watch musical program

2.      Introductory it with seem, appear and look

3.      Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase with a gerund ini t or a clause.

4.      - It looked doubtfl whether she would come.
- It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, cons, etc…
- I considered it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
Introductory it in question
- When was is that the maneger came?
- It was at 10 am that the maneger came.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Ok, first let me explain the meaning of the sentence and the sentence directly and indirectly. We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or indirect speech.

Direct Speech or Quoted speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called Direct Speech. Here what a person says appears with quotation marks ( “….” ) and should be words for word.

Ex : She said, “ Today’s lesson is on presentations.” → this sentences using quotation mark

Indirect Speech or Reported Speech

Indirect speech sometime called reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

When reporting, speech the tenses usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Ex : Direct Speech : “ I’m going to the cinema”, he said.

Indirect Speech : He said that he was going to the cinema. → there is the addition of the word “THAT” in sentence.

The difference is only in the direct line there are quotation marks,while the indirect sentence there is no quotation marks.

TENSES CHANGES

As a rule when you report something, someone has said you go back a tense (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE

She said, “It is cold.” ↔ She said it was cold.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

She said, “I am teaching English online.” ↔ She said she was teaching English

online.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I have been teaching English for ↔ She said she had been teaching English

seven years.” for seven years.

4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

She said, “I have been on the web since 1999.”↔She said she had been on the web since

1999.

5. PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

She said, “I thought online yesterday.” ↔ She said she had taught online

yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” ↔ She said she had been teaching earlier.

7. PAST PERFECT PAST PEFECT

She said, “The lesson had already started ↔ She said lesson had already started when

when he arrived.” he arrived. (NO CHANGE)

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I would already been teaching for ↔She said I would already been teaching five minutes. for five minutes. (NO CHANGE

MODAL

Modal verb forms also sometimes change.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. WILL WOULD

She said, “I will teach English online ↔ She said she would teach English

tomorrow. online tomorrow.

2. CAN COULD

She said, “I can teach English online.” ↔ She said she could teach English online.

3. MUST HAD TO

She said, “I must have a computer teach ↔ She said she had to have a computer English online.” teach English online.

4. SHALL SHOULD

She said, “What shall we learn today?” ↔ She asked what we should learn

today.

5. MAY MIGHT

He told me, “You may leave us now” ↔ He told me that I might leave them

then.

NOTE : There is no change to could, would, should, might & ough to.

TIME CHANGE

If the reported sentences contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Expression of time if reported on a different day

· This ↔ That

· Today ↔ Yesterday

· These ↔ Those

· Now ↔ Then

· A week ago ↔ A week before

· Last weekend ↔ The weekend before last/

The previous weekend

· Here ↔ There

· Next week ↔ The following week

· Tomorrow ↔ The next

Akan tetapi kalau this,here,now dan sebagainya menunjuk pada benda.tempat atau waktu tertentu merupakan yang sekarang bagi si pembacanya pada waktu memberitakan, maka tiada perubahan kata sifat atau kata keterangan yang dilakukan dalam reported speech .

Ex :

Direct : Andi said, “ This is my pen.”

Indirect : Andi said that this was his pen.